Carga económica de la hipercolesterolemia en población con alto riesgo cardiovascular en México / Economic burden of hypercholesterolemia in high risk of cardiovascular disease population in Mexico

Resumen Objetivo: Se estimó la carga económica directa e indirecta de la hipercolesterolemia en población con alto riesgo de presentar un evento cardiovascular. Para ello se definieron específicamente cinco grupos de pacientes: 1) aquellos con hipercolesterolemia familiar; 2, 3 y 4) personas con hipercolesterolemia más el antecedente de diabetes, infarto o evento vascular cerebral; 5) pacientes con hipercolesterolemia más diabetes y antecedente de infarto agudo de miocardio (definidos como pacientes de muy alto riesgo cardiovascular). Los cálculos se hicieron desde la perspectiva de las instituciones de salud pública en México. Método: Para la estimación de los costos directos se incluyó la atención ambulatoria, el tratamiento farmacológico, la atención hospitalaria y las intervenciones quirúrgicas relacionadas con las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Para la carga económica indirecta, se consideraron las muertes reportadas específicamente por causa de hipercolesterolemia, en un momento anterior al final de la edad productiva (muerte prematura). Resultados: La carga económica directa de las cinco categorías de pacientes en riesgo consideradas es de MXN $39,601,464,154 (USD $1,987,526,432), mientras que la carga económica indirecta asciende a MXN $121,646,689 (USD $6,105,229). Conclusiones: El impacto económico de la hipercolesterolemia en población con alto riesgo cardiovascular correspondía a $39,723,110,843 en 2020 (equivalente a USD $1,993,631,661), equivalente al 0.16% del PIB nacional.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the direct and indirect economic burden of hypercholesterolemia in patients with high risk of a cardiovascular event, specifically there were defined 5 groups of patients: 1) familial hypercholesterolemia; 2, 3 and 4) patients with hypercholesterolemia and background of diabetes, myocardial infarction or stroke; 5) diabetes, myocardial infarction and hypercholesterolemia (very high-risk patients) from the Mexican public healthcare institutions. Methods: For the estimation of the direct costs the items included correspond to: outpatient care, pharmacological treatment, inpatient hospital care, and surgical procedures. For indirect economic burden, death certificates, before the end of the productive age due to hypercholesterolemia were calculated (premature mortality). Results: The direct economic burden for the 5 groups of patients at risk is MXN $39,601,464,154 (USD $1,987,526,432), while the indirect economic burden amounts to MXN $121,646,689 (USD $6,105,229). Conclusions: The economic impact of hypercholesterolemia in patients with high cardiovascular risk is $39,723,110,843 (equivalent to USD $1,993,631,661) and corresponds to the 0.16% of GDP.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors- based drugs are effective to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and promote the sensibility for rifampicin in MDR strain

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem, which has been aggravated by the alarming growth of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Therefore, the development of a safer and more effective treatment is needed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was repositioning and evaluate histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors- based drugs with potential antimycobacterial activity. METHODS Using an in silico pharmacological repositioning strategy, three molecules that bind to the catalytic site of histone deacetylase were selected. Pneumocytes type II and macrophages were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with pre-selected HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). Subsequently, the ability of each of these molecules to directly promote the elimination of M. tuberculosis was evaluated by colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL. We assessed the expression of antimicrobial peptides and respiratory burst using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) FINDINGS Aminoacetanilide (ACE), N-Boc-1,2-phenylenediamine (N-BOC), 1,3-Diphenylurea (DFU), reduce bacillary loads in macrophages and increase the production of β-defensin-2, LL-37, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). While only the use of ACE in type II pneumocytes decreases the bacterial load through increasing LL-37 expression. Furthermore, the use of ACE and rifampicin inhibited the survival of intracellular multi-drug resistance M. tuberculosis. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our data support the usefulness of in silico approaches for drug repositioning to provide a potential adjunctive therapy for TB.

Factores promotores, dificultades y estrategias para emprender y continuar la lactancia materna en España: la voz de las mujeres / Factors that promote, hinder, and support promotion, hindering and strategic factors to breastfeeding in Spain: the voice of women

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores promotores, dificultades y estrategias para el inicio y continuación de la lactancia materna (LM), en base a la experiencia de mujeres lactantes. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico realizado en la Región de Murcia (España) en el 2019. Se reclutaron a veintisiete mujeres que alimentaron a sus hijos/as con LM en el periodo de 2012-2018 mediante una asociación de LM y un muestreo de bola de nieve. Se realizaron entrevistas personales abiertas y un análisis temático de las transcripciones. RESULTADOS: Se estructuraron en tres temas: 1) Facilidades para el inicio y mantenimiento de la LM, 2) Dificultades ante la LM y 3) Estrategias utilizadas por las mujeres para solventar las barreras. Mientras que la motivación para amamantar y el apoyo recibido facilitaron la LM, las barreras más comunes se relacionaron con miedos e inseguridades personales, cansancio, problemas físicos y la respuesta social frente a la LM. Los motivos de abandono fueron el déficit de producción de leche, la incorporación laboral y la actitud del bebé. Las participantes desarrollaron autocuidados, búsqueda de información y asociaciones de LM y estrategias de conciliación familiar-laboral para paliar las dificultades. CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesaria una mayor implicación por parte de las/os profesionales de la salud para apoyar a las mujeres a través de la herramienta de educación para la salud, el apoyo por pares y medidas institucionales que favorezcan la LM en el lugar de trabajo.

OBJECTIVE: To identify promoting factors, difficulties, and strategies related to the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding (BF), based on the experiences of breastfeeding women. METHODOLOGY: A phenomenological qualitative study conducted in the Region of Murcia (Spain) in 2019. Twenty-seven women who breastfed their children from 2012 to 2018 were recruited through a breastfeeding association and snowball sampling. Personal open interviews were conducted, and a thematic analysis of the transcriptions was performed. RESULTS: The findings were organized into three themes: 1) Facilitators for the initiation and maintenance of BF, 2) Difficulties faced during BF, and 3) Strategies employed by women to overcome the difficulties. While the motivation to breastfeed and provision of support facilitated BF, common challenges were noted, including personal fears and insecurities, fatigue, physical problems, and societal response to BF. Reasons for discontinuation included low milk production, the need to return to work, and the baby's attitude. Participants developed self-care practices, sought information, joined breastfeeding associations, and implemented work-family reconciliation strategies to address the challenges. CONCLUSION: Greater involvement from healthcare professionals is necessary to support women who breastfeed through health education, peer support, and institutional measures that promote BF in the workplace.

Safeno-varicectomía convencional como alternativa de tratamiento de la insuficiencia venosa en Colombia / Conventional Saphenous Varicectomy as an Alternative Treatment in Colombia for venous insufficiency

Introducción: La insuficiencia venosa impacta en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y del sistema de salud de países poco desarrollados, donde las técnicas endovasculares tienen uso limitado por su alto costo, lo que favorece el amplio uso de los métodos quirúrgicos convencionales. Objetivo: Valorar la utilidad de la safeno-varicectomía como alternativa de tratamiento en Colombia para la enfermedad por várices. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de corte transversal en 477 pacientes sometidos a stripping superior y/o flebo-extracción en un centro especializado para el manejo de patologías venosas en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, entre 2016 y 2018. Las variables estudiadas se dividieron en perioperatorias y posoperatorias, y sus valores se resumieron en las frecuencias absoluta y relativa. Resultados: El 70,4 por ciento de los pacientes correspondió al sexo femenino, el 48 por ciento tenía más de 51 años, y la mayoría se encontraba en sobrepeso (49,5 por ciento) y el 15,1 por ciento en obesidad. El procedimiento más realizado fue la extracción de la safena mayor más varicectomía (72,3 por ciento), principalmente del lado izquierdo (43,8 por ciento). La mayoría de los pacientes refirió dolor moderado y 92,7 por ciento tuvo adherencia a la media compresiva. La mejoría global y estética resultó satisfactoria en el 86,6 por ciento. El 64,7 por ciento reinició sus actividades diarias entre el primer y el tercer día; y el 72,5 por ciento tuvo incapacidad laboral entre 8 y 12 días. Conclusiones: La cirugía convencional tiene excelentes resultados clínicos con poca tasa de complicaciones, lo que puede ser una alternativa de manejo en países con recursos limitados(AU)

Introduction: Venous insufficiency impacts the quality of life of patients and the health system of less developed countries, where endovascular techniques are limitedly used, due to their high cost, which favors the wide usage of conventional surgical methods. Objective: To identify the usefulness of saphenous varicectomy as an alternative treatment in Colombia for varicose vein disease. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with 477 patients undergoing superior stripping and/or phlebextraction in a specialized center for the management of venous pathologies in Medellín City, Colombia, between 2016 and 2018. The variables studied were divided into perioperative and postoperative ones, and their values ​​were summarized in absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 70.4 percent of the patients were female, 48 percent were over 51 years old, the majority were overweight (49.5 percent), and 15.1 percent were obese. The most performed procedure was extraction of the greater saphenous vein plus varicectomy (72.3 percent), mainly on the left side (43.8 percent). Most of the patients reported moderate pain and 92.7 percent had adherence to compression stocking. Overall and aesthetic improvement was satisfactory in 86.6 percent. 64.7 percent resumed their daily activities between the first and third days, and 72.5 percent had a work disability of 8-12 days. Conclusions: Conventional surgery showed excellent clinical outcomes with a low rate of complications, a reason why it can be a management alternative in countries with limited resources(AU)

Análisis de concordancia entre trazado cefalométrico manual y cefalométrico digital con programa Nemoceph / Analysis of concordance between manual cephalometric and digital cephalometric tracing with Nemoceph program

La importancia del análisis cefalométrico dentro del diagnóstico en ortodoncia ha ido incrementando a través de los años, por ello, el interés de comparar la confiabilidad de los sistemas digitales con el trazado manual convencional. Objetivo: Definir el grado de concordancia entre los resultados de trazado cefalométrico manual y con Nemoceph. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron ocho medidas lineales y angulares del análisis cefalométrico de Steiner. Se realizó un estudio transversal, correlacional, en el cual se analizaron 70 radiografías laterales de cráneo digitales. Los resultados se dividieron en dos grupos, trazado manual y trazado cefalométrico con Nemoceph, los cuales fueron evaluados con un índice de correlación intraclase. Conclusión: Se reportó un grado de correlación intraclase mayor a 0.75, estableciendo que el sistema digital exhibe la misma precisión del manual, con algunas ventajas convenientes a la época (AU)

The importance taken by the cephalometric analysis within the orthodontic diagnosis has been increasing over the years, for that reason the interest of comparing the reliability of the digital systems with the conventional manual tracing. Objective: To define the degree of concordance between the results of manual cephalometric tracing and with Nemoceph. Material and methods: Eight linear and angular measurements of Steiner's cephalometric analysis were used. A crosssectional, correlational study was conducted in which 70 digital skull lateral radiographs were analyzed. The results were divided into two groups; manual tracing and cephalometric tracing with Nemoceph, which were evaluated with an intraclass correlation index. Conclusion: a correlation degree greater than 0.75 was reported. Establishing that the digital system exhibits the same precision of the manual, with some advantages suited to the age (AU)

Variability in the virulence of specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates alters the capacity of human dendritic cells to signal for T cells

BACKGROUND Once in the pulmonary alveoli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) enters into contact with alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs represent the link between the innate and adaptive immune system owing to their capacity to be both a sentinel and an orchestrator of the antigen-specific immune responses against Mtb. The effect that the virulence of Mtb has on the interaction between the bacilli and human DCs has not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Mtb virulence on human monocyte-derived DCs. METHODS We exposed human monocyte-derived DCs to Mtb clinical strains (isolated from an epidemiological Mtb diversity study in Mexico) bearing different degrees of virulence and evaluated the capacity of DCs to internalise the bacilli, control intracellular growth, engage cell death pathways, express markers for activation and antigen presentation, and expand to stimulate autologous CD4+ T cells proliferation. FINDINGS In the case of the hypervirulent Mtb strain (Phenotype 1, strain 9005186, lineage 3), we report that DCs internalise and neutralise intracellular growth of the bacilli, undergo low rates of apoptosis, and contribute poorly to T-cell expansion, as compared to the H37Rv reference strain. In the case of the hypovirulent Mtb strain (Phenotype 4, strain 9985449, lineage 4), although DCs internalise and preclude proliferation of the bacilli, the DCs also display a high level of apoptosis, massive levels of apoptosis that prevent them from maintaining autologous CD4+ T cells in a co-culture system, as compared to H37Rv. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that variability in virulence among Mtb clinical strains affects the capacity of DCs to respond to pathogenic challenge and mount an immune response against it, highlighting important parallels to studies previously done in mouse models.

Molar superior con dos raíces palatinas: descripción de un caso / Upper molar with two palatine roots: a case description / Molar superior com duas raízes palatinas: uma descrição do caso

Antecedentes: La morfología radicular en molares superiores presenta menos variabilidad anatómica, sin embargo, es muy importante tener en cuenta que existen alteraciones anatómicas, y que aun no están bien fundamentadas, se asocia a hiperactividad en la vaina epitelial de Hertwig o bien asociados a factores externos durante la odontogénesis. Descripción del caso: El presente artículo relata un caso de un segundo molar superior derecho con pulpitis irreversible sintomática, en el examen radiográfico se observa la existencia de una raíz supernumeraria palatina. Se realizó tratamiento endodontico con ProtaperNext® y se obturó con técnica lateral modificada con ultrasonido. Conclusión: Los molares con raíces supernumerarias requieren del conocimiento y experiencia del clínico para integrar los métodos de diagnóstico tales como exámenes radiográficos, tomográficos, de microscopía así como técnicas para el tratamiento endodóntico.

Background: Radiographic examination in upper molars is often deficient in order to diagnose abnormalities in the root canal system and to be able to choose the ideal treatment. Description of the case: This article shows the clinical case of a second right upper molar with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. An accessory root on the palatal is observed in a radiographic examination. A therapy of the canal was carried out with ProtaperNext ® and the sealing was made by cold lateral condensation with ultrasonic condensation. Conclusión: It is very important to know the root canal system morphology of the tooth to be treated in order to offer the patient an adequate treatment.

Antecedentes: O exame radiográfico em molares superiores é frequentemente deficiente para diagnosticar anormalidades no sistema de canais radiculares e para poder escolher o tratamento ideal. Descrição do caso: Este artigo mostra o caso clínico de um segundo molar superior direito com pulpite irreversível sintomática. Uma raiz acessória no palato é observada em um exame radiográfico. A terapia do canal foi realizada com ProtaperNext ® e a vedação foi feita por condensação lateral fria com condensação ultra-sônica. Conclusão: É muito importante conhecer a morfologia do sistema de canais radiculares do dente a ser tratado, a fim de oferecer ao paciente um tratamento adequado.

"Oh pedaço de mim, oh metade amputada de mim " / "Oh piece of me, oh half of myself amputated from me "

Este artigo foi produzido a partir da vivência de trabalhadores/pesquisadores junto a mulheres em situação de grande vulnerabilidade que, em nome uma suposta "proteção" à criança, tem tido negado o direito de viver sua maternidade. São mães órfãs de seus próprios filhos, sequestrados, muitas vezes antes mesmo da primeira mamada, em maternidades de várias cidades do país. A condição da mulher, negra, em situação de rua ou de grande vulnerabilidade social, associada ao uso de álcool e/ou outras drogas, tem sido um marcador para a ação violenta e conjunta de instituições como as da Saúde, da Assistência Social e Judiciário. O texto busca refletir sobre a relação entre o ato de cuidar e a produção de tutela e autonomia, central nesta situação em que, tanto o sequestro de bebês como a defesa do direito das mães de terem seus filhos podem ser exercidos no âmbito do cuidar em saúde. O que está no cerne desse debate são os sentidos do ato de cuidar. Este artigo se propõe a apresentar e refletir sobre esta situação para ajudar a romper o silêncio, amplificar a denúncia e avançar na disputa por um cuidado que ajude a produzir mais vida. (AU)

This article was produced based on the experience of working together with women living in huge vulnerability, whom had denied their right to motherhood in name of a supposed children "protection". They are orphan mothers of their own children, legally kidnapped, many times even before the first breasVeed, in hospitals of several brazilian cities. Being woman, black, homeless or living in intense social vulnerability, associated with the use of alcohol and/or other drugs, have been considered enough to justify violent action from Health, Social Assistance and Judiciary altogether. This article proposes a reflection around the principles that guide institutional actions that allow public authorities to kidnap their babies, denying their right to keep their children custody, denying them opportunities of rebuilding their lives even under straight support and supervision. This article proposes to break the silence, amplify the denunciation and advance in the dispute for a care that help to produce more life. (AU)

Type-2 diabetes alters the basal phenotype of human macrophages and diminishes their capacity to respond, internalise, and control Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB), although the associated mechanisms are not known. OBJECTIVES To study the association between T2D and the basal phenotype of macrophages, and their immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. METHODS We evaluated the influence of T2D on the response of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to Mtb in patients with T2D (n = 10) compared to healthy subjects (n = 9), before and after infection with Mtb clinical isolates bearing different degrees of virulence. The levels of cell surface markers for activation secreted cytokines and chemokines, bacterial association, and intracellular bacterial growth were evaluated. FINDINGS The expression levels of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 were low while those of of PD-L1 were high in uninfected MDMs derived from patients with diabetes; as a result of Mtb infection, changes were only observed in the expression levels of PD-L1. The levels of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1, MIG, and RANTES) are perturbed in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes, both before infection and in response to Mtb infection. In response to the more virulent Mtb strains, the levels of association and bacterial clearance were diminished in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS T2D affects the basal activation state of the macrophages and its capacity to respond and control Mtb infection.

Characterization and comparability of biosimilars: a filgrastim case of study and regulatory perspectives for Latin America

Background: Developing countries have an estimate of ten times more approved biosimilars than developed countries. This disparity demands the need of an objective regulation that incorporates health policies according to the technological and economical capabilities of each country. One of the challenges lies on the establishment of comparability principles based on a physicochemical and biological characterization that should determine the extent of additional non-clinical and clinical studies. This is particularly relevant for licensed biosimilars in developing countries, which have an extensive clinical experience since their approval as generics' in some cases more than a decade. To exemplify the current status of biosimilars in Mexico' a characterization exercise was conducted on licensed filgrastim biosimilars using pharmacopeial and extended characterization methodologies. Results: Most of the evaluated products complied with the pharmacopeial criteria and showed comparability in their Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) towards the reference product. These results were expected in accordance with their equivalent performance during their licensing as generics. Accordingly' a rational approval and registration renewal scheme for biosimilars is proposed, that considers the proper identification of CQAs and its thoroughly evaluation using selected techniques. Conclusions: This approach provides support to diminish uncertainty of exhibiting different pharmacological profiles and narrows or even avoids the necessity of comparative clinical studies. Ultimately, this proposal is intended to improve the accessibility to high quality biosimilars in Latin America and other developing countries.

Os jovens de Diadema: a rua e o refazer de laços de afeto / Young people of Diadema the street and the remake of bonds of affection

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as redes construídas por jovens que utilizam a rua como espaço social de encontro e produções no município de Diadema, em São Paulo. A pesquisa pretendeu colaborar para a construção de estratégias mais eficientes, eficazes e efetivas que enlaçando modos de ser e da cultura despertem, agucem e mobilizem os jovens para a produção social de ambientes acolhedores. A metodologia utilizada incluiu observação participante e registros escritos de vozes que revelaram fragmentos de seus cotidianos e de seus pensamentos sobre aspectos pessoais, sociais, familiares e grupais, permitindo identificar redes de conexão existenciais e as formas como processam suas vivências...

This study aimed to analyze the networks built by young people who use the streets as a space for social gatherings and productions in Diadema, São Paulo. The research intended to contribute to the construction of more efficient, productive and effective strategies that, intertwining ways of being and culture, stimulate, sharpen and mobilize young people for the social production of welcoming environments. The methodology included participatory observatios as well as written records of voices that reveal fragments of their day-to-day and their thoughts on personal, social, family and group aspects, allowing the identification of existential connection networks and ways they process their experiences...

Realidad Virtual y Psicoeducación: Formatos de Prevención Selectiva en Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria / Virtual Reality and Psychoeducation: Selective Prevention Formats in Eating Disorders

La prevención de los trastornos alimentarios es considerada por los psicólogos de la salud como una tarea prioritaria a cubrir. De acuerdo con esta idea se propuso analizar y evaluar la eficacia de dos programas de intervención basados en distintas estrategias. La muestra no probabilística estuvo formada por 58 estudiantes, con edad promedio de 13.43, (DE=1.14). Las participantes se asignaron al azar a dos distintos programas de prevención selectiva: Psicoeducación (n=28; x̅ de edad=13.46, DE=1.17) y Realidad Virtual Reforzada (n=30; x̅ de edad=13.40, DE=1.13). Los resultados muestran que no se detectaron diferencias entre los programas. Al evaluar el efecto de los dos programas por separado (prestest-postest) se obtuvieron resultados positivos y estadísticamente significativos (p < .001) en variables asociadas con imagen corporal y conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Además se observó una disminución importante en el porcentaje de participantes que se ubicaban en riesgo (significancia clínica) como producto de los programas. Estos hallazgos son alentadores debido a la importancia implicada en la disminución de factores de riesgo y el efecto que tiene en la salud de las adolescentes.

The prevention of eating disorders is considered, mainly by psychologists of health, a priority task to cover. In accord to this idea it was decided to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of two intervention programs based in different strategies. The nonrandom sample consisted of n=58 students with a mean age of x̅ =13.43 (SD=1.14), which were randomly assigned to two different selective prevention programs: Psychoeducation (n = 28; age of x̅ =13.46, SD=1.17) and Virtual reality Reinforced (n=30; age of x̅ =13.40, SD=1.13). The results showed no differences between programs. However, when each was evaluated (pretest / postest) results were positive and statistically significant (p < .001) in those variables associated with body image and disordered eating. In addition there was a significant decrease in the percentage of participants who were placed at risk (clinical significance) as a result of the preventive programs. These findings are encouraging because of the importance involved in reducing risk factors and the effect it has on the health of adolescents.

Casuística de las micosis de la cavidad bucal(2002-2006): laboratorio de la cátedra de microbiología, Facultad de Odontología, UCV / Casuistry of fungal infections of the oral cavity (2002-2006): Laboratory of the department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, UCV

En el presente artículo, se hace la segunda revisión de los casos de micosis de la cavidad bucal que se han reportado en el Laboratorio de la Cátedra de Microbiología de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, en el lapso de 5 años (Enero 2002-Diciembre 2006), siendo la Estomatitis Subprotésica la micosis que se reportó con mayor frecuencia. Otras micosis reportadas en menor frecuencia fueron: Candidiasis Hiperplásica, Candidiasis Pseudomembranosa, y lesiones asociadas como Queilitis Angular y Glositis Romboidal Media; Histoplasmosis y Paracoccidioidomicosis

In this article, we continue the review of the most frequent oral mycosis that have been reported on a period of five years (January 2002-December 2006) in the laboratory of Microbiology at Dental School of Central University of Venezuela. Pseudomembranous Candidiasis was the most frequent mycosis of the oral cavity reported. Other mycosis reported were: Hyperplasic Candidiasis, Pseudomembranous Candidiasis, and lesions related with oral mycosis like Angular Cheiulitis and Medium Romboidal Glositis, Histoplasmosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis

Esplenectomía laparoscópica: a propósito de 2 casos / Laparoscopic splenectomy: purpose of 2 cases

La esplenectomía laparoscópica constituye el método quirúrgico de elección cuando la extirpación del bazo está indicada por patologías hematológicas benignas, aunque no se excluyen las enfermedades malignas, y condiciones como hipertensión portal y esplenomegalia. Se presentan dos casos intervenidos en el Hospital Universitario de Caraccas, describiendo la técnica utilizada; y se realiza una revisión de la literatura internacional, comparando distintas variablestales como la pérdida sanguínea, tiempo de hospitalización, tiempo de regreso a actividades cotidianas, analgésicos postoperatorio, tiempo operatorio y complicaciones; dichos aspectos son relacionados con aquellos obtenidos en nuestra experiencia. Se concluye que la esplenectomía laparoscópica ofrece mejores resulatados estéticos, menor tiempo de hospitalización, menor dolor post-operatorio y reinserción laboral temprana